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вторник, 1 ноября 2011 г.
суббота, 29 октября 2011 г.
Do Sparrows Like Bach?: The Strange and Wonderful Things that Are Discovered When Scientists Break Free
Do Sparrows Like Bach?: The Strange and Wonderful Things that Are Discovered When Scientists Break Free
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Real scientific breakthroughs sometimes come out of the most surprising and unpromising work. Do Sparrows Like Bach? is about the margins of science—investigating everything from what it`s like to die to exploding pants and recycled urine. Who on earth would burn off their beard with a laser? Produce a fireproof umbrella that doubles as a parachute? Replace sniffer dogs with gerbils? Could a chemical component of flatulence be the next online pharmacy viagra? Do sparrows (and even fish for that matter) prefer Bach to Led Zeppelin? The editors at New Scientist magazine have the answers to all these questions and more in this celebration of outrageous, outlandish, and brilliant discoveries on the fringes of scientific research.
This extraordinary collection is an astonishing reminder that even at its most misguided, science is intensely creative, often hilarious, and can spark the imagination like nothing else.
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Do Sparrows Like Bach?: The Strange and Wonderful Things that Are Discovered When Scientists Break Free Overviews
From the same editors that brought you Why Don’t Penguins’ Feet Freeze? and Does Anything Eat Wasps?, an exploration of the weird and wonderful margins of science—the latest volume in the brilliant New Scientist series.
Science tells us grand things about the universe: how fast light travels, and why stones fall to earth. But scientific endeavor goes far beyond these obvious foundations. There are some fields we don`t often hear about because they are so specialized, or turn out to be dead ends. Yet researchers have given hallucinogenic drugs to blind people (seriously), tried to weigh the soul as it departs the body, and planned to blast a new Panama Canal with an atomic weapon.Real scientific breakthroughs sometimes come out of the most surprising and unpromising work. Do Sparrows Like Bach? is about the margins of science—investigating everything from what it`s like to die to exploding pants and recycled urine. Who on earth would burn off their beard with a laser? Produce a fireproof umbrella that doubles as a parachute? Replace sniffer dogs with gerbils? Could a chemical component of flatulence be the next online pharmacy viagra? Do sparrows (and even fish for that matter) prefer Bach to Led Zeppelin? The editors at New Scientist magazine have the answers to all these questions and more in this celebration of outrageous, outlandish, and brilliant discoveries on the fringes of scientific research.
This extraordinary collection is an astonishing reminder that even at its most misguided, science is intensely creative, often hilarious, and can spark the imagination like nothing else.
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вторник, 3 мая 2011 г.
Noul inhibitor de proteaza pentru hepatita C obtine o rata de vindecare’ de 80% la pacientii cu infectie genotipul 1
O cura de terapie combinata pentru hepatita C (HVC) care include inhibitorul de proteaza VHC experimental telaprevir (VX-950) a produs un raspuns virusologic sustinut (RVS) la peste 80% dintre pacientii mono-infectati cu VHC (virusul hepatitei C) genotipul 1, naivi de tratament.
Un alt studiu a gasit rate similare obtinute de un alt cheap cialis de proteaza, boceprevir. Descoperirile au fost anuntate la intalnirea Asociatiei Americane pentru Studierea Bolii Hepatice (AASLD – American Association for the Study of Liver Disease) tinuta in Boston, SUA.
Aceasta rata de raspuns este cu cel putin 30% mai mare decat cele mai bune rate ale RVS obtinute in trialuri la care au participat pacienti cu mono-infectie genotipul 1 tratati cu schema standard formata din interferon pegylat si ribavirina.
Optzeci si doi la suta dintre pacienti au obtinut un RVS in 24 saptamani (12 saptamani pe telaprevir plus interferon/ribavirina si 12 doar pe interferon/ribavirina), in moment ce tratamentul pentru genotipul 1 dureaza 48 saptamani.
RVS, care este privit ca un echivalent pentru vindecare, este definit ca lipsa detectarii virusului hepatitei C in sange dupa sase luni de la incheierea tratamentului.
Rezultatele au fost mai bune decat cele obtinute in studiile PROVE anterioare despre telaprevir, in care ratele RVS de aproximativ 70% au fost atinse in comparatie cu o rata de sub 50% la pacientii care luau placebo.
Rezultatele finale ale studiului actual, VX950-C208, au fost anuntate intr-un comunicat de presa realizat de cele doua companii care produc medicamentul, Tibotec si Vertex, cu scopul de a acompania prezentarea de la conferinta. Acest studiu a fost diferit din patru puncte de vedere fata de studiul PROVE:
- Nu a existat o ramura controlata placebo: toti pacientii au luat telaprevir;
- Jumatate dintre pacienti au luat interferon-alfa-2a pegylat (Pegasys) si jumatate au luat interferon-alfa-2b pegylat (PegIntron);
- Jumatate dintre pacienti au luat 750 mg de telaprevir de trei ori pe zi, la fel ca in studiile PROVE, in timp ce jumatate au luat 1250 mg de doua ori pe zi;
- Daca pacientii au obtinut o incarcatura virala nedetectabila pana la saptamana patru si au mentinut-o pana la saptamana 20, li s-a permis sa opreasca tratamentul la saptamana 24. Cei 18% dintre pacientii care au reprezentat exceptia au continuat tratamentul pana la saptamana 48.
Optzeci si cinci la suta dintre pacientii care au luat telaprevir de trei ori pe zi plus Pegasys au obtinut un RVS, si 82,5% dintre aceia care au luat telaprevir de doua ori pe zi.
La persoanele care au luat PegIntron, un RVS a fost obtinut la 81% dintre aceia pe telaprevir de trei ori pe zi, si 82,1% de doua ori pe zi. Aceste diferente nu au fost semnificative din punct de vedere statistic. In mod interesant, la saptamana 12 au parut a fi diferente intre rezultate, 93% dintre aceia cu telaprevir de trei ori pe zi avand VHC nedetectabil si 84% dintre aceia cu telaprevir de doua ori pe zi.
In ceea ce priveste efectele secundare, in comunicatul de presa care a acompaniat rezultatele trialului s-a mentionat ca „efectele adverse au fost asemanatoare cu acelea observate in celelalte trialuri cu telaprevir.” Singurele cifre oferite au fost pentru „evenimente adverse importante care au dus la intreruperea permanenta a tuturor medicamentelor,” ceea ce reprezinta o definitie foarte restrictiva. Trei la suta au intrerupt studiul din cauza eruptiilor cutanate, in urma acestui criteriu, si 2% din cauza anemiei. In trialurile PROVE 1 si 2, 21% respectiv 12% dintre pacientii pe telaprevir au intrerupt terapia, in comparatie cu 11% si 7% dintre cei cu placebo. Principalul efect secundar al telaprevirului este eruptia cutanata, care a fost clasificata ca fiind ‚severa’ la 7% respectiv 15% dintre pacientii din PROVE 1 si 2.
Ultimele cifre pentru progresul viral nu au fost specificate. Cifrele interimare oferite in rezumat au aratat ca noua pacienti (5,6%) au intampinat o scadere initiala dupa care au avut un recul al VHC pana la saptamana 12 si ca toti noua au avut mutatii aparute din cauza rezistentei la telaprevir.
La conferinta AASLD s-a discutat despre mai multe alte stiri referitoare la medicamentele pentru hepatita C. De asemenea au fost prezentate rezultatele PROVE 3, un trial despre telaprevir la pacientii la care esuase in trecut terapia pentru hepatita C. In acest trial, aproape 40% dintre pacientii care esuasera in trecut in a raspunde la interferon pegylat/ribavirina si aproape 70% care raspunsesera insa care au avut recaderi au obtinut un RVS in 24 saptamani de tratament, in timp ce 76% dintre aceia cu recadere au avut un RVS in 48 saptamani.
Un studiu despre boceprevir, medicament al companiei Schering-Plough, primul cialis de proteaza pentru hepatita C investigat, a descoperit rate ale RVS de 82% la pacientii cu genotip 1 care aveau o incarcatura virala nedetectabila la saptamana patru, si 79% la aceia care nu o obtinusera la saptamana patru, insa au avut-o la saptamana 16. Un al doilea studiu despre boceprevir a gasit o rata a RVS de 55% in randul pacientilor care esuasera in trecut in a raspunde la interferon pegylat/ribavirina. In aceste studii, interferon pegylat/ribavirina s-au administrat timp de patru saptamani, apoi s-a adaugat boceprevir pentru 24 saptamani (la pacientii naivi) si 44 saptamani (la non-responderi).
Articol tradus de Asociatia SENS POZITIV, cu acordul Organizatiei NAM, articolul original se gaseste aici.
Kukosa Nguvu za Kiume si Mwisho wa Dunia!
Jamani, jamani, jamani, kuna jirani yangu kafa hivi majuzi. Alikuwa ni baba wa makamu, mmarekani mweusi. Alikuwa mcheshi na ilikuwa kila tukionana lazima tusalimiane. Mara ananinunulia kahawa halafu tunakaa namsimulia kuhusu Afrika. Yule baba, alionekana mzima na mwenye afya fiti kabisa. Nilibakia kushangaa kusikia kafa na si kwa ajali. Mke wake alifariki mwaka juzi, lakini miezi ya karibuni alikuwa anaonekana mwenye furaha kwa vile alipata mpenzi, dada mwenye miaka 25 hivi.
Story niliyoskia ni hivi: Kumbe jamaa alikuwa na matatizo ya moyo. Alifia kitandani akiwa kwenye shughuli ya kufanya tendo la ndoa na mpenzi wake. Tena wanasema alifariki mara alipofikia kilele cha tendo. Navyosikia ilikuwa ni ‘massive heart attack’. Kama ni massive bila shaka na utamu wa shughuli hakujua kuwa yuko hatarini. Nasikia huyo mpenzi wake alipiga sana makelele majirani walipigia simu polisi 911 kwa vile walidhania wameingiliwa na majambazi. Wanasema baba wa watu kamwangukia yule dada na kafa macho wazi.
Lakini bado nilikuwa nashangaa maana kama nilivyosema awali, jamaa alionekana kuwa na afya. Kumbe jamaa alikuwa mtumizi wa order cialis, yaani vile vidonge vya kuongeza uume, na kumpa mwanaume uweza wa kufanya tendo la ndoa. Ndugu zake wanalamika kweli, maana hakuzipata kwa prescription ya daktari, alizaiagiza kwenye mtandao (internet). Kwa kumwangalia alivyofiti nisingefikiria kuwa ana matatizo ya nguvu za kiume. Kumbe mtazame mtu, matatizo yake anayajua mwenyewe na daktari wake.
Nikawa najiuliza kama jamaa alijua ana matatizo ya moyo, kwa nini alitumia cialis. Maana hata tangaza kwenye TV na magazeti wanaonyo kuwa kabla ya kutumia. Halafu pia wanaonya kuwa mwanaume anaweza kupofuka kama anatumia. Lakini wanaume bado wanazitumia! Na siku hizi dawa za kuongeza nguvu za kiume ziko nyingi kuna Ciallis, Levitra, Yohimbine na mengine. Hizo dawa zina side effects kama kuumwa kichwa, kuharisha, pua kuziba, macho mekundu, tumbo kuumwa na mengine mengi. Pamoja na side effects bado zina soko kubwa. Na zikipigwa marufuku nina amini kuwa watu watatajirika kwa kuzifanyia magendo.
Kwa kweli wanaume wako tayari kufa kama wakishindwa kufanya tendo la ndoa. Nashindwa kuelewa sababu. Yaani tendo la ndoa ni tamu kiasi hicho au wanahofia kuwa kwa vile hawa ‘function’ tena ndo basi si wanaume? Mtu anakuwa tayari kuhatarisha maisha yake kwa ajili ya kufanya tendo la ndoa. Mwanaume anaambiwa anaweza kupofuka akitumia hiyo dawa lakini bado yuko tayari kuchukua risk. Halafu mwanaume akiitwa ‘hanithi’ yuko tayari kupigana au kuua. Sijui bila kusimamisha anajiona si mtu tena…sielewi kabisa!
Nikawa najadiili na marafiki zangu juzi na tulikubaliana kuwa wanaume wako tayari kuchukua ‘risks’ kuliko wanawake. Yaani mwanaume anaweza kufanya tendo la ndoa hata akijua kuwa kuna hatari ya mwenzake kuwa na ugonjwa wa zinaa na ataambukizwa. Bongo, walikuwa wanasema eti, ‘Ajali Kazini’! Hiyo ajali inaweza kukuua! Sijui hiyo ume ikisimama ndo basi tena, akili zote zinahamia hapo. Nauliza tena, tendo la ndoa ni tamu kiasi kwamba mko tayari kuhatarisha maisha yenu? Kukosa nguvu za kiume zi mwisho wa dunia jamani. Bado tunawahitaji!
Lakini nikirudi kwa marehemu jirani yangu, uwongo mbaya, alikuwa anatabasamu ndani ya jeneza lake!
Story niliyoskia ni hivi: Kumbe jamaa alikuwa na matatizo ya moyo. Alifia kitandani akiwa kwenye shughuli ya kufanya tendo la ndoa na mpenzi wake. Tena wanasema alifariki mara alipofikia kilele cha tendo. Navyosikia ilikuwa ni ‘massive heart attack’. Kama ni massive bila shaka na utamu wa shughuli hakujua kuwa yuko hatarini. Nasikia huyo mpenzi wake alipiga sana makelele majirani walipigia simu polisi 911 kwa vile walidhania wameingiliwa na majambazi. Wanasema baba wa watu kamwangukia yule dada na kafa macho wazi.
Lakini bado nilikuwa nashangaa maana kama nilivyosema awali, jamaa alionekana kuwa na afya. Kumbe jamaa alikuwa mtumizi wa order cialis, yaani vile vidonge vya kuongeza uume, na kumpa mwanaume uweza wa kufanya tendo la ndoa. Ndugu zake wanalamika kweli, maana hakuzipata kwa prescription ya daktari, alizaiagiza kwenye mtandao (internet). Kwa kumwangalia alivyofiti nisingefikiria kuwa ana matatizo ya nguvu za kiume. Kumbe mtazame mtu, matatizo yake anayajua mwenyewe na daktari wake.
Nikawa najiuliza kama jamaa alijua ana matatizo ya moyo, kwa nini alitumia cialis. Maana hata tangaza kwenye TV na magazeti wanaonyo kuwa kabla ya kutumia. Halafu pia wanaonya kuwa mwanaume anaweza kupofuka kama anatumia. Lakini wanaume bado wanazitumia! Na siku hizi dawa za kuongeza nguvu za kiume ziko nyingi kuna Ciallis, Levitra, Yohimbine na mengine. Hizo dawa zina side effects kama kuumwa kichwa, kuharisha, pua kuziba, macho mekundu, tumbo kuumwa na mengine mengi. Pamoja na side effects bado zina soko kubwa. Na zikipigwa marufuku nina amini kuwa watu watatajirika kwa kuzifanyia magendo.
Kwa kweli wanaume wako tayari kufa kama wakishindwa kufanya tendo la ndoa. Nashindwa kuelewa sababu. Yaani tendo la ndoa ni tamu kiasi hicho au wanahofia kuwa kwa vile hawa ‘function’ tena ndo basi si wanaume? Mtu anakuwa tayari kuhatarisha maisha yake kwa ajili ya kufanya tendo la ndoa. Mwanaume anaambiwa anaweza kupofuka akitumia hiyo dawa lakini bado yuko tayari kuchukua risk. Halafu mwanaume akiitwa ‘hanithi’ yuko tayari kupigana au kuua. Sijui bila kusimamisha anajiona si mtu tena…sielewi kabisa!
Nikawa najadiili na marafiki zangu juzi na tulikubaliana kuwa wanaume wako tayari kuchukua ‘risks’ kuliko wanawake. Yaani mwanaume anaweza kufanya tendo la ndoa hata akijua kuwa kuna hatari ya mwenzake kuwa na ugonjwa wa zinaa na ataambukizwa. Bongo, walikuwa wanasema eti, ‘Ajali Kazini’! Hiyo ajali inaweza kukuua! Sijui hiyo ume ikisimama ndo basi tena, akili zote zinahamia hapo. Nauliza tena, tendo la ndoa ni tamu kiasi kwamba mko tayari kuhatarisha maisha yenu? Kukosa nguvu za kiume zi mwisho wa dunia jamani. Bado tunawahitaji!
Lakini nikirudi kwa marehemu jirani yangu, uwongo mbaya, alikuwa anatabasamu ndani ya jeneza lake!
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